Oropouche Fever on the Rise: Overview of a Reemerging Arbovirus in Latin America

Abstract

Oropouche virus is a reemerging arbovirus in Latin America, responsible for multiple outbreaks since its first identification in 1955. Following decades of sustained circulation in the Amazon region, it has recently spread to previously unaffected areas, particularly since late 2023, raising 
new public health concerns. Despite its growing relevance, it remains largely underdiagnosed, often confused with other arboviral diseases, and overlooked by surveillance systems.  

This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on Oropouche, drawing on literature published between 1962 and 2025, with particular focus on developments from 2023 onward. Sources were selected primarily from PubMed to provide an updated and concise overview of its epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges and public health impact. 

The virus is primarily transmitted by Culicoides paraensis, a biting midge, and has been reported in several South American and Central American countries, including Argentina, Barbados, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Cuba, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Peru and Venezuela. Imported cases notified in North America and Europe highlight its potential for a wider geographic spread. Clinically, Oropouche fever usually presents as a self-limiting febrile illness that can mimic dengue, Zika or chikungunya. However, recent reports have described neurological complications, including meningitis and meningoencephalitis, as well as possible vertical transmission and congenital malformations, suggesting a broader disease spectrum. To date, five deaths have been attributed to the virus, with others under investigation. Diagnostic capacity remains limited, especially in endemic areas, and no specific treatment exists beyond supportive care.  

The continued expansion of Oropouche, driven by climate change, urbanization and increased human mobility, underscores the need for improved surveillance and research. Without sustained attention, this emerging infection may evolve into a more serious threat to global health.